THE 1860 FACTS
The local situation Bronte, in that year had a population of just over 10.000 inhabitants, many of which were carrying agricultural or pastoral activities, (this information comes from the so-called "riveli", that is self declarations made under oath). The new English masters, on the territory since 1799, had distorted the previous, precarious, social equilibrium that had caused further tension because of the abolition of the "civic uses", wanted by the Bourbon Government. The ducal administrators, like true masters, subdued the majority of workers, shutting the old paths that made easier the access to their fields and asking, with armed guardians, toll rights. Began cutting down the woods to make charcoal to be sold to the people of Bronte and in the same time prohibited the entry in those woods and in the others, to whoever used to go there for grazing, to pick up wood, fruits or wild vegetables. So, land before open to grazing, were shut down, cultivated or sown. The transgressors, caught inside the feuds by servile guardians, (even from Bronte), at the Duke' service, practiced the right to whip, heavily fine, even for the most trivial reasons, (usually for wood picked in the ducal woods), and sometime put in jail. In few words, on the poor, disinherited brontese peasants, the Dukedom exercised "rights of vassalage" resting on injustice and vexations. Communal administrators, born in Bronte, piloted and devoted to the "foreigners", used the "public authority" in favor of the English interest against that of the poor local population. The common people then were brooding over ancient feelings of vengeance for having been wronged so much, for the economic stagnation and the constant increasing of prices. Barely the brontese people hide their rage and dissatisfaction. Writes Benedetto Radice, (Nino Bixio at Bronte): «Were three hundred and fifty years that Bronte was fighting for its rights, of which the fatal donations of the Pope Innocenzo VII in 1491 and of Ferdinando I in 1799 had deprived it from. Had seen its territory become smaller from day to day, till complete disappearance for new rights, quibbles and claims…". "Without saying - continues Leonardo Sciascia in his book preface -, of the sexual liberties that the gentlemen used to take with the people's girls: and enough to consider that in 1853 there were in Bronte, (on about 10.000 inhabitants), 38 communal wet nurses, to feed the bastards of the ruota (the wheel)». The occasion of the social redemption and of the end of so many centuries of injustice was given by the arrival of Garibaldi in Sicily, by his swift victories over the Bourbons, by the proclaims of breaking up civic councils, by the decrees regarding the land division and the abolition of the milling tax. All this gave to the masses the cue to join in "liberal committees" and try to shake off, all at once, both the ducal masters and also the "cappelli the hats" that taking advantage of their hegemonic role under the Bourbons, had embezzled state land. With the breaking up of the Civic Council for dictatorial decree, in Bronte had been also dismissed the Judge; therefore the Governor of Catania, following the usual pressing put on to him through dispatches from the English General Consul Goodwin, nominated Municipal President the citizen Sebastiano Luca and Judge the lawyer Nunzio Cesare, both of them friendly towards the Dukedom. |